Articles - KEY to METALS Knowledge Base

Articles by category

The Basics of Ferrous Metallurgy
The Basics of Nonferrous Metallurgy
Standards, Alloy Designation and Classification Systems
Manufacturing, Processing and Casting of Metals
Heat Treatment
Welding and Other Joining Processes
Corrosion Behavior
Material Testing and Fatigue
Applications of Metallic Materials
New Materials

Reference list

Click here to see Partial Reference List.

Documents download

Click on the links to download documents.

Make sure you are always
up-to-date!

Apply to KEY to METALS eNews
and receive fresh, leading-edge technical information and knowledge from the World's Most Comprehensive Metal Database.

Focus on Your Needs

For any question or assistance that you may need, you get full consulting support from our development team, consisting of 16 specialists with over 200 years of combined industrial experience.

This consultancy program, first and most powerful in the metal industry, is available FREE of charge for our customers. Our database utilities, comprehensive off-line library and decades of industrial and R&D experience are completely in your service!

Click here to learn more about unique KEY to METALS quality.

	The latest articles Fatigue Properties : Part One Fatigue cracking is one of the primary damage mechanisms of structural components. Fatigue cracking results from cyclic stresses that are below the ultimate tensile stress, or even the yield stress of the material. Fracture Toughness : Part Two For cases where the plastic energy at the crack tip is not negligible, other fracture mechanic models, such as the J integral or R-curve, can be used to characterize a material. Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics : Part One The theory of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) has been developed using a stress intensity factor (K) determined by the stress analysis, and expressed as a function of stress and crack size. Zirconium Alloys: Part Two Research results have been used to determine the life of pressure tubes with regards to both crack initiation and subsequent DHC propagation.
	Articles by category
	The Basics of Ferrous Metallurgy From the History of Iron and Steel Making: Part One From the History of Iron and Steel Making: Part Two The Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram The Effects of Alloying Elements on Iron-Carbon Alloys Iron and Its Interstitial Solid Solutions High-Alloy White Irons Malleable Cast Iron Gray Iron Austempered Ductile Iron Structure of Plain Steels Steel-making Processes The Oxygen Steelmaking Process: Part One Steel Deoxidation: Part One Steel Deoxidation: Part Two Reoxidation of Steels: Part One Clean Steel: Part One Clean Steel: Part Two Clean Steel: Part Three Control of Sulfur in Melts: Part One Effect of Phosphorus on the Properties of Carbon Steels: Part One Effect of Phosphorus on the Properties of Carbon Steels: Part Two Residual Elements in Steel Nitrogen in Steels: Part One Nitrogen in Steels: Part Two Hydrogen in Steels Boron in Steel: Part One Boron in Steel: Part Two Thermodynamics of TiN Formation in Melts: Part One Thermodynamics of TiN Formation in Melts: Part Two Basic Principles of Arc Welding Relation Between CE Structure and Mechanical Properties Properties of Maraging Steels Maraging Tool Steels Bainitic Steels: Part One Bainitic Steels: Part Two Multi Phase Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Cold Work Tool Steels Hot Work Tool Steels High Speed Steels Cold Rolled Steels Hardenable Carbon Steels Ultra-Fine Grained Steels Microstructures in Austenitic Stainless Steels 9–12% Chromium Steels: Part One 9–12% Chromium Steels: Part Two
	The Basics of Nonferrous Metallurgy Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Aluminum Alloys: Terms, Definitions and Products Aluminum Alloys: Effects of Alloying Elements Aluminum - Lithium Alloys High Strength Aluminum P/M Alloys Resistance to Fracture of AlZnMgCu (AA7000) High Strength Aluminum Alloys Surface Treatment Of Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys Aluminum – Copper Alloys Aluminum-Magnesium-Silicon (6000) Alloys Aluminum-Magnesium (5000) Alloys Aluminum-Zinc-Magnesium Alloys Aluminum–Silicon Alloys Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Casting Problems Sintered Aluminum Powder (SAP) High Strength Aluminum P/M Alloys How Deformation Affects the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Forgings Metallurgical Factors Affecting High Strength Aluminum Alloy Production Aluminum Alloy 7075: The Relation between Microstructure and Toughness The Effect of Ingot Processing on Fatigue Properties of 7475-T6 Plates Rapidly Solidified Aluminum Alloys Hot Forming of Al-Mg Alloy Sheet The Influence of Microstructure on High Temperature Properties of 2024 Alloy Work Hardening Aluminum Alloys: Part One Work Hardening Aluminum Alloys: Part Two Microalloying of Advanced Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy Ballistic Protection Efficiency of Aluminum Alloys Melting and Alloying Aluminum Alloys Formability Tests of 2036-T4 Aluminum Alloy: Part One Zinc-Aluminum Alloys as Tribomaterials Recycling Aluminum Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys High Strength Copper–Beryllium Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys Casting Problems Copper-Zinc Alloys: The Brasses Cooper-Tin Alloys: The Bronzes The Electrical Conductivity of Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys Copper and Copper Alloy Castings High Strength Casting Copper Alloys Gunmetals and Leaded Bronzes Phosphor Bronzes Copper Matrix Hardening by Alumina Particles Copper Alloys for Bearing Applications: Part One Copper Alloys for Bearing Applications: Part Two Copper Alloys Applications in Electrical Engineering Physical Properties of Titanium and Its Alloys Casting and Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloys Titanium and Titanium Alloys Titanium Alloying and Heat Treatment Effect of Environment on the Cracks Behavior in TA6V Alloy Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Titanium and Its Alloys Titanium and Its Alloys: Selection of Materials and Applications Fundamentals of Gamma Titanium Aluminides Titanium Alloys and Their Characteristics: Part One Titanium Alloys and Their Characteristics: Part Two Tin and Tin Alloys Zinc and Zinc Alloys Lead and Lead Alloys Nickel and Nickel Alloys Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys Refractory Metals: Tungsten and Tungsten alloys Refractory Metals: Niobium, Molybdenum and Rhenium Toughness Variation for Liquid Phase Sintered W-Ni-Fe Aluminum Bronzes: Part Two Gold and Gold Alloys Precipitation Hardening of Aluminum Alloys Platinum and Its Use Silver and Silver Alloys Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloys High Strength Copper-Titanium Alloys: Part One High Strength Copper-Titanium Alloys: Part Two
	Standards, Alloy Designation and Classification Systems Classification of Cast Iron Specifications for Ductile Iron European Standards for Metalic Materials European Standards for Metalic Materials II US ASTM Standards for Steel Group of ASTM Standards for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings Group of ASTM Standards for Steel Castings and Forgings Group of ASTM Standards for Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip and Wire Group of ASTM Standards for Steel Plates Australian (AS) Standards for Steel Materials Bulgarian (BDS) Standards for Steel Materials British (B.S.) Standards for Steel Materials Chinese (GB) Standards for Steel Materials Russian (GOST) Standards for Steel Materials Japanese (JIS) Standards for Steel Materials Yugoslav (JUS) Standards for Steel Materials Hungarian (MSZ) Standards for Steel Materials Polish (PN/H) Standards for Steel Materials Spanish (UNE) Standards for Steel Materials US AMS Standards for Steel Materials Italian (UNI) Standards for Steel Materials French (AFNOR) Standards for Steel Materials AISI Designation System Introduction to the Unified Numbering System of Ferrous Metals and Alloys Designing to Codes and Standards Designation of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Classification of Stainless Steels Tool Steels Classification and Designation of Welding Filler Materials Alloy Designation Systems for Non-Ferrous Metals According to DIN 17007 Introduction to the Unified Numbering System of Nonferrous Metals and Alloys Alloy Designation Systems for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Classification Properties of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys EN Numerical Designation System for Alloyed Aluminum Ingots (for Remelting, Master Alloys and Castings) UNS Designations for Copper and Copper Alloys Magnesium Alloy and Temper Designations Cross-reference Tables of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys According to DIN 1725 Cross-reference Tables for DIN Aluminum Wrought Alloys: Part One Cross-reference Tables for DIN Aluminum Wrought Alloys: Part Two Cross-referencing Between Numeric and Alphanumeric Temper Designations According to DIN 17670 and DIN 17671 Cross-referencing Between Numeric and Alphanumeric Temper Designations According to DIN 17672 and DIN 17673 Temper Designation System for Non-heat Treatable Al Alloys Temper Designation System for Heat Treatable Al Alloys Classification and Properties of Copper Alloys Temper Designations for Cu and Cu Alloys -- Wrought and Cast Temper Designations Of Magnesium Alloys, Cast and Wrought
	Manufacturing, Processing and Casting of Metals Cast Irons Standard Terminology Related to Iron Castings Cast Steel Cast Carbon Steels Casting Defects in Steels Control of High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) Steel Properties High-Strength Structural and HSLA Steels Alloy Steels Alloyed Tool and Die Steels Characteristics of Alloying Elements Strengthening Mechanisms in Alloy Steel Hardenable Alloy Steels Influence of Alloying Elements on Steel Microstructure Steel Rolling Controlled Rolling of Low Alloy Steels Forging The Rotary Forge Processing of Microalloyed Forging Steels Effects on the Martensite, Pearlite and Bainite Formation High-Strength Steels for Aerospace Forgings Austenitic Manganese Steels Production of Stainless Steel: Part One Production of Stainless Steel: Part Two Production of Stainless Steels: Part Three Electroslag Remelting Process: Part One Electroslag Remelting Process: Part Two Soft Magnetic Alloys Production of Sheet Bimetal Indirect Compression Systems of Deformation Laser Forming Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron Cold Working Processes Modern Strip Production Technologies Industrial Casting Applications Increasing the Efficiency on ERW/HFI Tube Mills: Part One Cold and Hot Forging: An Overview Increasing the Efficiency on ERW/HFI Tube Mills: Part Two Production of Creep-Resistant Steels for Turbines: Part One Production of Creep-Resistant Steels for Turbines: Part Two Aluminum Foundry Products Aluminum Casting Processes Thermomechanical Processing of 7075 Aluminum Alloys Thermomechanical Treatments of Aluminum Alloys Aluminum Strip Casting for Thin Gauge Foil Production Al-Fe Conductor Alloys: Part One Al-Fe Conductor Alloys: Part Two Spray Forming of Aluminum-Alloy Products: Part One Spray Forming of Aluminum-Alloy Products: Part Two Spray Rolling of Aluminum Strip Commercial Forms of Aluminum Alloys: Part One Commercial Forms of Aluminum Alloys: Part Two Property Control in Production of Aluminum Sheet: Part One Property Control in Production of Aluminum Sheet: Part Two Property Control in Production of Aluminum Sheet: Part Three Copper and Copper Alloy Casting Methods Forming of the Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Part One Fabrication of Titanium and Titanium Alloys Magnesium Alloy Castings Squeeze Casting Process: Part One Squeeze Casting Process: Part Two Electromagnetic Casting Process: Part One Al-Si Alloy Casting Using Magnetic Molding and Lost Foam Processes Melting and Casting of Copper and Aluminum Alloys: Part One Casting Defects: Hot Tearing Molten Light Metal Processing: Part One Molten Light Metal Processing: Part Two The Extrusion Process of 6000 Alloys Melting and Pouring of the Reactive Metals Production of Recycled Lead Modification and Refinement of Aluminum-Silicon Alloys Zinc-Aluminum Foundry Alloys Production, Properties and Industrial Uses of Magnesium and its Alloys Machining Nonferrous Metals Master Alloys for Aluminum Alloys: Part One Master Alloys for Aluminum Alloys: Part Two Thermal Spray Coatings: Part One Thermal Spray Coatings: Part Two Metallization Production and Properties of Copper and Copper Alloy Powders Titanium Powder Metallurgy Alloys Die Casting of Aluminum Alloys: Part One Die Casting of Aluminum Alloys: Part Two Zirconium Alloys: Part One Zirconium Alloys: Part Two
	Heat Treatment Heat Treating of Gray Irons: Part One Heat Treating of Gray Irons: Part Two Heat Treating of High Alloy Graphitic Irons Heat Treating of High-Alloy White Irons Heat Treating of Malleable Irons Heat Treating of Nodular Irons: Part One Heat Treating of Nodular Irons: Part Two Heat Treatable Aluminum Alloys Heat Treating of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Annealing of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Effect of Aging on Formability of Aluminum Alloys Heat Treating of Copper and Copper Alloys Hardening of Copper Alloys Heat Treating of Titanium and Titanium Alloys Nitriding of Titanium and Titanium Alloys Heat Treating of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Heat Treating of Magnesium Alloys Practical Heat Treatment of Magnesium Alloys Heat Treating of Tin-Rich Alloys Heat Treating of Lead and Lead Alloys Hardening of Al-Mg-Cu alloys: Part One Hardening of Al-Mg-Cu alloys: Part Two
	Welding and Other Joining Processes Historical Development of Welding Welding Process Processes Related to Welding The Welding Processes: Resistance Welding Welding Procedures and the Fundamentals of Welding Beam Welding and Thermit Welding Welding Cast Iron and Other Irons The Welding Industry and Its Future Procedures for Repair Welding and Surfacing Power Supply for Welding Processes Welding of Steels Welding For Repair and Surfacing Welding Ultra-High-Strength Steels Welding of Stainless Steels Welding of Special Steels Welding of Tool Steels Welding of Reinforcing Bars Welding of Coated Steels Filler Metals for Welding, Part One Filler Metals for Welding, Part Two Surfacing for Wear Resistance: Part One Surfacing for Wear Resistance: Part Two Clad Metals Friction Stir Welding of Steel: Part One Friction Stir Welding of Steel: Part Two Friction Stir Welding of Steel: Part Three Friction Stir Welding of Steel: Part Four Welding the Nonferrous Metals: General Overview Solid State Welding Brazing of Non-Ferrous Metals Soldering of Non-Ferrous Alloys Practical Aspects of Modern Inert Gas Welding Of Aluminum Fusion Welding of Aluminum and Its Alloys: Part One Fusion Welding of Aluminum and Its Alloys: Part Two Selection and Weldability of Non-Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys Welding of Aluminum Alloys Joining Titanium Welding of Titanium Alloys Welding of Commercially Pure Titanium Welding of Copper Alloys Welding of Nickel Alloys Welding of Nickel-Base Corrosion-Resistant Alloys Welded Fabrication of Nickel Alloys for Corrosion Resistant Service Welding of magnesium-base alloys Welding of Reactive and Refractory Metals Welding of Dissimilar Metals Designing and Fabricating Aluminum Weldments Welding of Aeronautical Components Friction-Stir-Welding of 7075 Al-Alloy Friction-Stir-Processed Plate Aluminum Alloys Friction Stir Welding Technology: Part One Friction Stir Welding: Part Two Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys: Part One Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys: Part Two Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys: Part Three Laser Welding of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys: Part One Laser Welding of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys: Part Two Solder Alloys Welding Copper and Copper Alloys: Part Two Welding Copper and Copper Alloys: Part Three
	Corrosion Behavior Heat-resisting Steels Stainless Steels Corrosion Resistance of Ferritic Stainless Steels Steels for Cryogenic and Low-temperature Service Cast Stainless Steels Heat-Resisting Alloys High-Alloy Cast Steels Austenitic Steels Galvanic Corrosion Corrosion of Carbon Steel Martensitic Stainless Steels Duplex Stainless Steels: Part One Duplex Stainless Steels: Part Two Corrosion and Corrosion Properties of Stainless Steels: Part One Corrosion and Corrosion Properties of Stainless Steels: Part Two Corrosion and Corrosion Properties of Stainless Steels: Part Three Atmospheric Corrosion Resistant CORTEN Steel Corrosion of Metals and Their Alloys Corrosion of Titanium and Titanium Alloys Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Stress Corrosion Cracking of Aluminum Alloys Corrosion of Copper and Copper Alloys Corrosion of Nickel-Base Alloys Corrosion of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Corrosion of Zinc Corrosion Resistance of Zn-Al Alloys Corrosion of Aluminum and Its Alloys: Forms of Corrosion
	Material Testing and Fatigue True Stress - True Strain Curve: Part One True Stress - True Strain Curve: Part Two True Stress - True Strain Curve: Part Three True Stress - True Strain Curve: Part Four Engineering Stress-Strain Curve: Part One Engineering Stress-Strain Curve: Part Two Engineering Stress-Strain Curve: Part Three Steel Properties at Low and High Temperatures Tensile Testing Of Metallic Materials Charpy Impact Test for Metallic Materials Hardenability Testing Hardness Testing Determining Hardening Depth Using Ultrasonic Backscatter Nondestructive Testing: Endoscopy Nondestructive Testing in the Steel Industry: Part Two Eddy Current Testing Magneto-Inductive Verification of Material Characteristics Ultrasonic Testing of Safety Parts in Automobile Manufacturing Holographic Interferometry in Crack Detection Resilience Fatigue of Metals: Part One Fatigue of Metals: Part Two Fatigue of Metals: Part Three Structural Features of Fatigue Fatigue Crack Growth Effect of Metallurgical Variables on Fatigue Fracture Fracture Mechanics Fracture Toughness Fracture of Steel: Part One Fracture of Steel: Part Two Macroscopic Aspects of Fracture Fracture Toughness of High-Strength Steels at Low Temperatures Brittle Fracture and Impact Testings: Part One Brittle Fracture and Impact Testings: Part Two The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels: Part One The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels: Part Two The Embrittlement and Fracture of Steels: Part Three Fracture Features of Martensitic Steel Plate Contribution of Fracture Mechanics to Material Design: Part One Contribution of Fracture Mechanics to Material Design: Part Two Contribution of Fracture Mechanics to Material Design: Part Three Temper Embrittlement Analyzing Failures of Metal Components: Part One Analyzing Failures of Metal Components: Part Two Stress Corrosion Cracked Welds in NiCrMo Steel Fracture Toughness of Carbon Steels: Part One Fracture Toughness of Carbon Steels: Part Two Fracture Toughness Testing: Part One Fatigue Properties : Part One Fracture Toughness : Part Two Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics : Part One Mechanical Properties of Metals Formability Testing of Aluminum Sheet Materials The Strengthening Of Metals Engineering Stress-strain Curve Fatigue, Fracture and Microstructure Relationships of an Aluminum Automobile Component Fracture of Brittle Nonferrous Metals Fracture Characteristics of Welds in Aluminum Alloys Effects of Dispersoid Particles on Toughness of High Strength 7000 Aluminum Alloys Fracture Mechanics of Cold-Drawn Copper Bars Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation in Al-Alloys Fatigue and Creep of Nickel Alloys Superplastic Deformation of Two-Phase Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fracture and Low Cycle Fatigue of Al-Li Alloys
	Applications of Metallic Materials Structural Steel for Ships Wear-Resistant Special Structural Steels General Requirements for Rolled Steel for Structural Use Application of New Hot-Rolled High-Strength Sheet Steels Applications of Alloy Steels Carbon and Alloy Steel for Mechanical Fasteners Silicon Steels and Their Applications Design for High-Temperature Applications: Part One Design for High-Temperature Applications: Part Two Marine Stainless Steel Applications Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels in Practical Applications: Part One Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels in Practical Applications: Part Two Austenitic Sandwich Materials Electromagnetic Sorting of Ferrous Metals: Part One Epoxy Coated Reinforcement: Part One Pre-Stressed Steel: Part One Pre-Stressed Steel: Part Two Weathering Steels Magnetic Materials: Part One Rail Steels: Part One Rail Steels: Part Two Irradiation Effects on Ferritic Martensitic Steels: Part One Irradiation Effects on Ferritic Martensitic Steels: Part Two Fire-Resistant Steels: Part One Fire-Resistant Steels: Part Two Stainless Steels for Cryogenic Applications Shipbuilding Steels: Part One Shipbuilding Steels: Part Two Automotive Trends in Aluminum, The European Perspective: Part One Automotive Trends in Aluminum, The European Perspective: Part Two Properties of Aluminum Alloys at Cryogenic and Elevated Temperatures Magnesium Alloys Properties on Elevated Temperatures Magnesium Alloys: Mechanical Properties at Elevated and Low Temperatures Marine Applications of Aluminum Alloys: Part One Marine Applications of Aluminum Alloys: Part Two Effects of Composition, Processing and Structure on Properties of Nickel and Nickel Alloys Factors That Determine the Applications of Aluminum Aluminum Alloys for Bearings Aluminum Alloys for Packaging Applications Aluminum Alloys in Military Vehicles and Equipment Mechanical Properties of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Selection and Application of Copper Alloy Castings The Application of New Technology to Aluminum Armor Systems Aircraft and Aerospace Applications: Part One Aircraft and Aerospace Applications: Part Two Electronic Applications: Part One Electronic Applications: Part Two Problems and Prospect of Al-Mg Alloys Application in Marine Constructions Strengthening Mechanisms of Metals: Part One Strengthening Mechanisms of Metals: Part Two Wrought Aluminum Alloys for General and Special Applications: Part One Wrought Aluminum Alloys for General and Special Applications: Part Two Wrought Aluminum Technologies for Automobiles: Part One Wrought Aluminum Technologies for Automobiles: Part Two Properties and Applications of Titanium – 2.5% Copper Alloy Properties and Applications of Ti - 6% Al - 4% V Alloy Aluminum Alloy Development for the Airbus A380 Automotive Uses of Magnesium Alloys: Part One Automotive Uses of Magnesium Alloys: Part Two Fatigue of Nickel-Based Superalloys: Part One Fatigue of Nickel-Based Superalloys: Part Two
	New Materials High-Strength Low Alloy Steels: New Generation Advanced Structural Steels: Part One Multi Phase Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Advanced Structural Steels: Part Two Advanced Structural Steels: Part Three Advanced Structural Steels: Part Four Advanced Structural Steels: Part Five Composite Materials for Aircraft Industry Aluminum Matrix Composites with Discontinuous Silicon Carbide Reinforcement Cast Metal-Matrix Composites Shape Memory Alloys: Part One Industrial Applications of Shape Memory Alloys Applications of Shape Memory Alloys in the medical field Metal Carbides Nickel-Based Superalloys: Part One Nickel-Based Superalloys: Part Two

Articles - KEY to METALS Knowledge Base

The latest articles